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中美俄三国军队伙食对比

http://eat.csonline.com.cn 2007年10月22日16时7分星辰美食网

　　据《解放军报》近日报道，中国人民解放军从2007年1月1日起，已全面提高了部队伙食费标准。这条消息立刻引起了人们对军人饮食的好奇。俗话说：兵马未动，粮草先行。拿破仑也说：士兵是靠肚子行军打仗的。现代专家称：营养也是战斗力。在海湾战争后，美国军事记者甚至把军粮列为“打败萨达姆的十佳武器”之一，因为它“有效鼓舞了联军将士的肚皮”。由此可见，“吃”对军队这个特殊群体有更重要的意义。

　　美国：平时很丰富野战口粮难下咽

　　美国士兵的伙食标准平时是每人每天7美元，战时则提高到每天10美元。美军平时在国内可以吃到的食物有千余种，包括23种饮料(含各种鸡尾酒)、近80种甜点、118种沙拉、114种三明治、近250种素菜以及近500种荤菜(包括各种海鲜)。这里面还有许多其他国家的美食，如：中国的鸡蛋卷和鸡蛋煎饼、菲律宾的小蛋卷、土耳其的玉米派、瑞典肉丸、墨西哥胡椒牛排等。

　　虽然美军战时伙食补贴比平常高很多，但是处在战区的美军由于条件所限，食物的品种和味道都“缩水”。美军根据不同的军事行动环境和强度，以及官兵不同饮食习惯等因素，开发出7种单兵野战口粮。虽然这些口粮也是荤素搭配合理，所含热量丰富，但由于多是速成熟食，味道跟新鲜食物不能相比。挑剔的美国大兵表示野战口粮“难以下咽”。

　　俄罗斯：香烟列入伙食供应

　　自2007年1月1日起，俄军也开始执行新的伙食标准。官兵每日肉类摄入量从200克增至250克，牛奶摄入量从100毫升增至150毫升，每周加3只鸡蛋，另外还有速溶咖啡供应。俄军正将以前那种以面包、蔬菜、大米为主(占70%)的膳食结构变得“更荤一些”。俄国防部中央食品管理局局长彼特里琴科说：“我们往菜谱中添加了一些富含维生素和矿物质的肉、鱼、奶、熏制品等营养食品。”

　　长期以来，俄军有一个与众不同的传统，即不论平时还是战时，都对军人供应香烟，供应标准为：士兵每人每天20克七等烟丝(或12支七等香烟)，军官每人每天25克五等烟丝(或20支五等香烟)。不吸烟的军人可改为每月领取300克糖。俄军要求士兵们废弃长期以来吸烟的传统，而改吃糖。但这难度不小，加上每月供应香烟无形中又起到鼓励抽烟的作用，要想实现全军戒烟还需要不少时间。

　　中国：早餐讲营养晚餐讲调剂

　　解放军目前的伙食费标准分别为：一类灶每人每天11元、二类灶13元、三类灶23元、四类灶39元，中国每年在士兵伙食的花费上将达到10亿元人民币。

　　举一个现在普通连队的午餐菜谱为例：干烧鲫鱼、土豆炖鸡块、醋溜土豆丝、麻婆豆腐、肉片莴笋、素炒油菜、三鲜汤——一共是六菜一汤，主食是香喷喷的东北大米，此外每人还有一个苹果。现在，战士们还编了一个顺口溜：“早餐讲营养、中餐讲质量、晚餐讲调剂”。目前，解放军的伙食标准在改革开放后经过了20多次的调整，已初步实现从吃饱型向营养型的转变。而下一步中国士兵的伙食还要向“功能型”发展——不光要营养合理，还要考虑到某些军兵种的特殊性，增加具有保健作用的营养元素。

　　参考资料

　　解放军不同灶类划分标准：

　　一类灶：战士、与战士同餐的军官、国防施工分队和驻生活条件艰苦的边防、岛屿部队；

　　二类灶：坦克和自行火炮修理分队、坦克和自行火炮分队、航空兵机务大队、驻高原地区部队；

　　三类灶：水面舰艇人员、飞行学校学员；

　　四类灶：常规潜艇人员、航空兵空勤人员、核潜艇人员

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