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宋元明清中秋习俗

http://eat.csonline.com.cn 2007年09月12日16时12分星辰美食网

　　根据《东京梦华录》（序於一一四七年）卷八的记载，宋朝的街市，在中秋节的前几天，就已弥漫著浓厚的过节气氛。商店贩卖新酒，重新布置门前的彩楼。市人争饮新有石榴、梨、栗、葡萄、弄色枨橘等等。到了晚上，人家争登酒楼赏月，丝竹箫管并作。里巷儿童通宵玩耍，夜市人马杂沓，至於天明。吴自牧（约一二七○前後在世）的《梦梁录》卷四也记载，南宋人家多於此日安排家宴、团圆子女，以酬佳节。即使是陋巷里的贫穷人家，也都会典当衣物去购买酒困，来欢度中秋。

　　元朝虽以异族入主中原，但所受汉化甚深。节日习俗也大半沿袭汉人旧制。到了明朝，赏月、祭月、吃月饼的风俗大盛。

　　田汝成（约一五四○前後在世）的《西湖游览志余》《熙朝乐事》记载明人多於中秋节以月饼相馈赠，取其圆形的“团圆”之义。夜晚则设赏月之宴，或携带酒食至湖海之畔游赏。刘侗、于奕正合著的《帝京景物略》（一六三五）卷之二则详细描述了中秋祭月的供品：月饼必须是圆，所供的瓜果则必须切成如莲花般的牙瓣。

　　街市出售月光纸，上面绘有月偏照菩萨，下绘月轮桂殿，有一兔人立捣药於其中。祭月後将月光纸焚烧，所供的果饼分给家中的每一成员。中秋节又是团圆节，所以纵使有归宁的女子，也必定於此日返其夫家团聚。

　　至于明朝的中秋，明人拜月时用的“月光纸”，到了清朝，改了个名字叫“月光马儿”。富察敦崇的《燕京岁时记》（一九○六年）。记载：「月光马者，以纸为之，上绘太阴星君，如菩萨像，下绘月宫及捣药之兔。人立而执杵，藻彩精致，金碧辉煌，市肆间多卖之者。长者七、八尺，短者二、三尺，顶有二旗，作红绿，笆或黄色，向月而供之。焚香行礼，祭毕与千张、元宝等一并焚之」。

　　清朝的规矩则是：“男不拜月，女不窜”。所以拜月就成了妇女的专利，家中的主妇忙著拜月，小孩子也不愁没事干。中秋节前几天，街市上都会卖一种专供儿童祭月用的“兔儿爷”。到了清代，兔儿爷的功能已由祭月转变为儿童的中秋节玩具。制作也日趋精致，有扮成武将头戴盔甲、身披戢袍的、也有背插纸旗或纸伞、或坐或立的。坐则有麒麟虎豹等等。也有扮成兔首人身之商贩、或是剃头师父、或是缝鞋、卖馄钝、茶汤的，不一而足。

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