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日本的茶道

http://eat.csonline.com.cn 2007年03月22日17时6分星辰美食网

　　茶道，是一种具有悠久历史的古典雅致的文化修养，也是日本人接待宾客的一种特殊礼仪。日本人饮茶的风俗最早是由中国传入的，后来广泛流行于民间。如今日本的茶道人口约达1000万，将近全国总人口的十分之一。

　　茶道不同于一般的喝茶，品茗，而是具有一整套的严格程序和规则。茶道品茶很讲究场所，一般均在茶室中进行。正规茶室多起有“XX庵”的雅号。茶室面积大小不等。以“四叠半”(约合九平方米)大的茶室居多，小于四叠半的称“小间”，大于四叠半的称“广间”。茶室的构造与陈设，基本上都是中间设有陶制炭炉和茶釜，炉前摆放着茶碗和各种用具，周围设主、宾席位以及供主人小憩用的床等。

　　接待宾客时，待客人入座后，由主持仪式的茶师按规定动作点炭火、煮开水、冲茶或抹茶(用竹制茶匙按一定动作将茶碗中的茶搅成泡沫状)，然后依次献给宾客。

　　客人按规定须恭敬地双手接茶，先致谢，尔后三转茶碗，轻品，慢饮，奉还。

　　点茶、煮茶、冲茶、献茶，是茶道仪式的主要部分，需要专门的技术和训练。

　　茶道品茶分“轮饮”和“单饮”两种形式。轮饮是客人轮流品尝一碗茶，单饮是宾客每人单独一碗茶。饮茶完毕，按照习惯客人要对各种茶具进行鉴赏，赞美一番。最后，客人向主人跪拜告别，主人则热情相送。

　　茶道还讲究遵循“四规”，“七则”。四规指“和、敬、清、寂”，乃茶道之精髓。“和、敬”是指主人与客人之间应具备的精神、态度和辞仪。“清、寂”则是要求茶室和饮茶庭园应保持清静典雅的环境和气氛。七则指的是：提前备好茶，提前放好炭，茶室应冬暖夏凉，室内插花保持自然美，遵守时间，备好雨具，时刻把客人放在心上等。

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